Tag Archives: Abraham Lincoln

The Zero Factor ► Throwback Thursday

William Henry Harrison (1773 – 1841) was the
first president to run afoul of The Zero Factor.

The Zero Factor is a spooky superstition which insisted that all Presidents elected in a year ending in zero — which happens every 20 years — will die in office. The Zero Factor was blamed for an uninterrupted chain of presidential deaths that didn’t end until President Ronald Reagan was elected in 1980.

The first inkling I had concerning Presidential Deaths and the Zero Factor was back in grade school when I had to do an essay on William Henry Harrison, a presidential name drawn from a hat.

William Henry Harrison was the 9th president, elected in 1840 running on the slogan “Tippecanoe and Tyler too.” Tippecanoe was his nickname and referred to his military victory in the Battle of Tippecanoe, when his troops repulsed a Native American confederacy that was opposed to the illegal European aliens’ continued expansion west. As the Wiki puts it simply, “The defeat was a setback for Tecumseh‘s confederacy from which it never fully recovered.”

Harrison was the oldest president until Ronald Reagan and the first to die in office, a mere 32 days after taking the oath. He was his own worst enemy. As we learn from the WikiWackyWoo:

He took the oath of office on March 4, 1841, a cold and wet day.[62]
He wore neither an overcoat nor hat, rode on horseback to the ceremony
rather than in the closed carriage that had been offered him, and
delivered the longest inaugural address in American history.[62] At 8,445 words, it took him nearly two hours to read, although his friend and fellow Whig Daniel Webster had edited it for length. Harrison then rode through the streets in the inaugural parade,[63] and that evening attended three inaugural balls,[64]
including one at Carusi’s Saloon entitled the “Tippecanoe” ball, which
at a price of US$10 per person (equal to $229 today) attracted 1000
guests.

Three weeks later he caught a cold, which developed into pneumonia and pleurisy. He died on April 4, 1841, the first victim of the Zero Factor, which also became known as Curse of Tippecanoe, blamed on a curse that Tecumseh was supposed to have uttered before his death during the War of 1812.

The next victim of The Zero Factor was Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States. We all know what happened to him.

James A. Garfield was elected POTUS in 1880 and assassinated by deranged office seeker Charles J. Guiteau in 1881. Garfield might have lived had he been shot just a few years later when all doctors accepted the practices of Joseph Lister concerning infection. Again from the Wiki:

According to some historians and medical experts, Garfield might have
survived his wounds had the doctors attending him had at their disposal
today’s medical research, techniques, and equipment.[187]
Standard medical practice at the time dictated that priority be given
to locating the path of the bullet. Several of his doctors inserted
their unsterilized fingers into the wound to probe for the bullet, a common practice in the 1880s.[187] Historians agree that massive infection was a significant factor in President Garfield’s demise.[187]
Biographer Peskin stated that medical malpractice did not contribute to
Garfield’s death; the inevitable infection and blood poisoning that
would ensue from a deep bullet wound resulted in damage to multiple
organs and spinal bone fragmentation.[188] Rutkow, a professor of surgery at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey,
has argued that starvation also played a role. Rutkow suggests that
“Garfield had such a nonlethal wound. In today’s world, he would have
gone home in a matter of two or three days.”[187]

Next up? That would be President William McKinley, elected in 1900 and assassinated by a crazed anarchist Leon Czolgosz in Buffalo, New York on September 6, 1901. It happened inside the Temple of Music during the Pan-American Exposition. On the 14th he died of the gangrene that had infected his body. The Zero Factor takes another life.

Twenty years later it was Warren Harding‘s turn to run up against The Zero Factor. Elected in 1920, he died on August 2, 1923, of a cerebral hemorrhage in San Francisco while on a swing through the west.

Also dying of a cerebral hemorrhage was the next victim of The Zero Factor, our longest-serving president, Franklin Roosevelt. Originally elected in 1932, Roosevelt was re-elected for an unprecedented (and no longer possible) 3rd term in 1940. Re-elected again in 1944, during World War II, Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945. His last words were reportedly, “I have a terrific pain in the back of my head.”

John F. Kennedy was the 35th President of the United States and the last to be assassinated.

The next president to be elected in a year ending in Zero was Ronald Reagan. When, on March 30, 1981, John Hinckley, Jr., slipped out of a crowd at the Washington Hilton and attempted to assassinate him, I was convinced it was The Zero Factor at work again. However, Reagan survived his wounds and eventually went back to work.

It wasn’t until years later the public learned how close to death Reagan had been and how much the assassination attempt took out of him.

In 2000 George W. Bush was elected president and, except for starting wars against countries that didn’t attack the United States, there were no incidents even remotely resembling The Zero Factor.

In 2000 Arianne R. Cohen of The Harvard Crimson wrote of George W. Bush and The Zero Factor:

According to legend, our new president has an extremely high chance of
dying while in office–an 87.5 percent chance, in fact, based on the
seven of eight eligible presidents who have died by the legend. Many
voters–45 percent, to be exact–would probably find this statistic to
be the only positive thing about Election 2000, although I personally
would prefer to have a president too incompetent to do damage in office
over one who voted against the Clean Water Act (our new Vice
President-elect Richard B. Cheney). However, a legend’s a legend, and a
legend doesn’t care about personal opinions.

[…]The only other president to die in office was President Zachary Taylor,
elected in 1848. However, President Taylor allegedly spent July 4, 1850,
eating cherries and milk at a ceremony at the Washington Monument. He
got sick from the heat and died five days later, the second president to
die in office. Frankly, he should have known better–that cherries and
milk combination is always a killer.

What’s amusing about this curious slice of history is how for more than a century this silly superstition was considered to have been a Native curse against the White interlopers. Guilt much?

The Gettysburg Address ► Throwback Thursday

On this day in 1863 President Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address, considered one of the greatest speeches ever given in English.

A mere 271 words, the Gettysburg Address followed the dedication of the Soldiers’ National Cemetery by Edward Everett. That speech must have exhausted the crowd. It lasted more than 2 hours and contained more than 13,600 words.

Lincoln’s short speech lasted only a few minutes, but has gone down in history as one of the greatest of his career.

As the WikiWackyWoo explains, Lincoln was under the weather at the time:

During the train trip from Washington, D.C., to Gettysburg on November 18, Lincoln remarked to John Hay that he felt weak. On the morning of November 19, Lincoln mentioned to John Nicolay
that he was dizzy. In the railroad car the President rode with his
secretary, John G. Nicolay, his assistant secretary, John Hay, the three
members of his Cabinet who accompanied him, William Seward, John Usher and Montgomery Blair,
several foreign officials and others. Hay noted that during the speech
Lincoln’s face had ‘a ghastly color’ and that he was ‘sad, mournful,
almost haggard.’ After the speech, when Lincoln boarded the 6:30 pm
train for Washington, D.C., he was feverish and weak, with a severe
headache. A protracted illness followed, which included a vesicular rash
and was diagnosed as a mild case of smallpox. It thus seems highly likely that Lincoln was in the prodromal period of smallpox when he delivered the Gettysburg address.[10]

The Hay version of the speech

Yet, there’s no agreed upon text of the speech:

Despite the historical significance of Lincoln’s speech, modern
scholars disagree as to its exact wording, and contemporary
transcriptions published in newspaper accounts of the event and even
handwritten copies by Lincoln himself differ in their wording,
punctuation, and structure.[16][17]
Of these versions, the Bliss version, written well after the speech as a
favor for a friend, is viewed by many as the standard text.[18]
Its text differs, however, from the written versions prepared by
Lincoln before and after his speech. It is the only version to which
Lincoln affixed his signature, and the last he is known to have written.[18]

Here is the text that every grade school child memorized:

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation,
or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are
met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a
portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave
their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and
proper that we should do this.

But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate,
we can not hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who
struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or
detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here,
but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living,
rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who
fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be
here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these
honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they
gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that
these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God,
shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by
the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

Farce Au Pain ► Chapter Two


The foundations of our new government are laid, its
cornerstone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to
the white man; that slavery, subordination to the superior race, is his
natural and moral condition.
~~~Alexander Stephens, Vice president of the Confederacy (1812-1883)

 Things are more like they are now than they ever were before.
~~~Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890-1969)

 It may be true that the law cannot make a man love me,
but it can stop him from lynching me, and I think that’s pretty
important.
~~~Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968)

There have been throughout history, mythology, fiction and show biz many Dynamic Duos.  I’ve always believed my childhood friends, Zachary Harvard Weed and Adrian Roland Thompson, belong on any such list.  You don’t have such a list?  It just so happens I’ve compulsively kept just such a list over the years, which my editor keeps insisting I shorten:
Masters and Johnson, Amos and Andy, Henry the VIII and Catherine of Aragon, Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor, Mutt and Jeff, Hepburn and Tracy, Heckle and Jeckle, Hansel and Gretel, Gallagher and Sheen, Superboy and Krypto, Henry the VIII and Anne Boelyn, Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor, Batman and Robin, Captain Kirk and Mr. Spock, King Arthur and Sir Lancelot, Dun and Bradstreet, Wheeler and Woolsey, Starsky and Hutch, Laurel and Hardy, The Lone Ranger and Tonto, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, James and Dolley Madison, Tarzan and Jane, Nelson Mandela and Winnie Mandela, Peter Cook and Dudley Moore, Derek and Clive, Mary and Joseph, Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck, Cheech and Chong, Donnie and Marie, Mork and Mindy, Currier & Ives, Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, Sears and Roebuck, Nixon and Agnew, Edger Bergan and Charlie McCarthy, Charlie McCarthy and Mortimer Snerd, Antony and Cleopatra, Marie and Pierre Curie, Alexander Graham Bell and Mr. Watson, Dr. Watson and Sherlock Holmes, Barnum and Bailey, Pierrot and Pierrette, Bogie and Bacall, Tom and Jerry, Astaire and Rogers, McMillan and Wife, Henry the VIII and Jane Seymour, Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor, Burns and Allen, Allen and Rossi, Martini and Rossi, Sacco and Vanzetti, Tippecanoe and Tyler too, Rowan and Martin, Martin and Lewis, Lewis and Clarke, Simon and Garfunkle, Abbott and Costello, Judy Garland and Mickey Rooney, Gable and Lombard, Leopold and Loeb, Johnny Carson and Ed McMahon, McMann and Tate, Gannon and Friday, Friday and Robinson Crusoe, Henry the VIII and Anne of Cleeves, Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor, Clark Kent and Lois Lane, John and Martha Mitchell, Hope and Crosby, Arno Penzias and Robert. W. Wilson, Crick and Watson, Lucy and Desi, just to name a few.
This book isn’t about any of them. To tell this story of Zachary Harvard Weed and Adrian Roland Thompson properly, let’s jump into the Wayback Machine:

“Hon. Thurlow Weed”
Mathew Brady (1823-1896)
Library of Congress

Thurlow Weed lived between 1797 and 1882. Zachary’s ancestor’s loved to tell the story of Thurlow, who grew up to be a famed journalist and politician, who led the Whig and, later, the Republican Party. One of the original backroom deal-makers, he was (as the WikiWackyWoo tells us) “instrumental in the nominations of William Henry Harrison (1840), Henry Clay (1844), Zachary Taylor (1848) Winfield Scott (1852), and John Charles Frémont (1856).”  Although he supported the nomination of his good friend William H. Seward for the Republican ticket in 1860, he backed Abraham Lincoln wholeheartedly. Weed was so vigourous in his support of Lincoln’s war policies, he was sent abroad by the 16th President of the United States in the first two years of the oxymoronically named Civil War.  Thurlow was a man with a life worth remembering.  Almost nothing is known about his wife.

One son was born to the Weeds, Zachary Lyons Weed (1829–1902).  This tumble Weed pushed west in the early 1850s, where he married and settled near Mt. Shasta.  His dry goods business prospered and today, a century and a half later, just off Route 5 in Siskiyou County, California is the town called Weed.  Current population: just under 3,000.
Zachary Lyons Weed outlived his only son Harvard (1859–1891) by some 11 years.  As much as the tragedy of his son’s murder almost destroyed him (the culprit was never found), the birth of his only grandchild, Daniel Harvard Weed (1892–1950), gave him the joy missing from his early life.  Until his death at the ripe old age of 73, he regaled the boy with tales of his famed father, the boy’s great grandfather Thurlow.
Long after the death of his grandparents, Daniel Harvard Weed moved southeast some 250 miles to Nevada, settling in Yerington on the shore of the Walker River.  Maybe he was drawn by the name of the county, Lyon.  Maybe not.  Maybe he worked in the Anaconda Mine. Maybe not. We will never know and family lore seems to skip over this Weed. 

Today, a suburb of that vast metropolis of Yerington is named Weed Heights. Although we know Daniel Harvard Weed moved there, this company town wasn’t built until after he died. It’s unknown why it appears to be named for him, if indeed it was. One historian suggests it’s nothing but an odd coincidence, a synchronicity with no deeper meaning. Another historian theorizes the name “Weed” was meant to be ironic, noting the lack of any vegetation in what is essentially a desert. No matter. 

Daniel Harvard Weed had one child, named after an amalgamation of previous Weeds: Daniel Lyon Weed.  Although descended from hearty pioneer stock, this Weed had no taste for the rough and tumble west and, soon as he was able, moved to Detroit where Weeds were scarce but jobs plentiful.

“Dandy Lyon” was very much like the nickname given him during the war.  He was a fop, a fine gentleman, a dude, beau, man about town, prig, and jackanapes.  He was a man more concerned with sartorial splendour than with his only child Zachary Harvard Weed.  Dandy Lyon wore, as Zac would say later, “the worst toupee inna entire world.”
His natural hair, what was left of it, was bright red.  As hairstyles changed over the years, so did his rug.  Brushcut for the lean, mean ‘50s?  No problem.  Slick Dan was here.  Something for the Surfin’ Sixties?  Why not the Surfer Dan look?  A longer, modish style for the British Invasion?  Meet Ringo Weed.  A hippy style for the later sixties?  Here comes ol’ Long Locks Lyon.  In the back of his closet, he kept a briefcase containing all his discarded hairpieces.  It looked like the ancient burial ground for laboratory animals. 
I should know.  I saw it once. 
Dandy served his country during the Second World War keeping the western shores of Lake Erie safe from the Nazis, Japs, and the Huns. That’s where he eventually met the woman who would become his wife. Like him, she had flaming red hair.  Unlike him, she had a quality that radiated life. Why she would eventually marry Dullard Dandy is another of life’s mysteries I pondered as a teenager.
Dicentra Spectabilis aka Bleeding Heart

According to the story she told (and she told it often), it was a cruel trick of fate: When she was born to Jonathon and Erma Poppy of Toledo, Ohio, their first inclination was to name her Dicentra. It was unusual, it had that certain feminine ring to it, and it was short for the Latin Dicentra Spectabilis, the beautiful red-flowered member of the poppy family.  At the last moment they chickened out and went for something a little more conventional, but not totally conventional. They named her Rose-Violet Poppy, with an eye still on the cute-factor. However, they could justify it because of her Grammy Rose and her Aunt Violet; flower names proliferated on that branch of the family bush. 

The cruel twist of fate, as Rose-Violet came to see it, is that this beautiful flower would fall in love with, and marry, a Weed, forever losing her fragrance.

Her parents should have stuck to their first thought, however, and named her Dicentra because she was the original bleeding heart and that, after all, is the more common name for Dicentra Spectabilis.  During her loveless marriage any man with a half-decent line could get her heart to bleed.  Her red-hair and well-proportioned body made any man with glands still intact offer her a half-decent line (and some were downright indecent). 
As a teenager, I was madly in lust with her and she provided me with many masturbatory fantasies. 
Maybe Rose-Violet just never got over the initial shock of seeing Dandy without his rug.  It must have happened on their wedding night in 1951 and would have been quite the shocker.  Rose claimed to have never had “relations” with him ever again.  Zachary, the issue of that encounter, was the only thing in that marriage she loved. 
When Dandy died some years later Rose raged, romped, rampaged, ravished, rebounded, raped, ravaged, revelled, and reproduced (or at least went through the motions).
Incidentally, Zachary was named by Rose-Violet.  She named him after his great great Grandfather as well as the Weed who died so early in life before he had achieved much more than continuing the family lineage.  She had heard the history of the family line not from her husband Daniel, but from his father.  For reasons unknown to her, her husband despised his Weed roots.  However, Rose-Violet found it important enough to use the family history as bedtime story fodder for Zachary from birth, which is how I came to know much of it. However, I had assumed it was all bullshit until research confirmed it as reality; a reoccurring theme during the writing of this book.

Zachary, like all 5-year old kids, cared far more for the reality of Saturday morning cartoons. He was bored by the family lore, which he had heard so many times. The descriptions of pioneering Weeds sounded made up compared to the excitement of television.

Captain Gallant was played by Buster Crabbe.

In an odd bit of synchronicity, the author has
only collected 2 autographs in his entire life.
One was from Weird Al, personally made out
to his youngest son, and the other was inscribed
personally to his father from Buster Crabbe.

Which is why early on June 1, 1957, Zachary was in the basement, warming himself in the bluish glow of Captain Kangaroo.  The good captain hopped into Howdy Doody on Channel 4.  After the goings-on in Doodyville—Zac knew the schedule by heart—he would turn to watch Mighty Mouse, which lasted until the Channel 7 cartoons at 10:00.  At 10:30 came Captain Gallant; at 11:00, Sky King.  11:30 was the time for Sagebrush Shorty and after that would come—

“Za-ach?”  Rose-Violet always managed to make it a two-syllable word.
Nothing came back.  Again, this time louder, “Zac?”
Still no response.
“ZACH-A-RY!!” Three syllables loud and clear, which could not be ignored.
“Yeah, Ma?”
“Why don’t you shut that thing off and go outside t’play?  It’s a nice day out.  The radio says it’s going up to 80 today.”  She walked down the stairs as she spoke.
“I don’t wanna, Ma.  The Lone Ranger’s just startin’.  C’mon, Ma.”
“No, outside with you.”  She stood at the bottom of the stairs now, drying her hands on a tea towel.  Her smile said it all.  Zachary was the light of her life and now, at five years old, he was growing up to be quite a little man.  He was almost 3 inches taller then the other boys his age, but he also acted older than any of them.  However, she felt his best asset were his eyes.
They could be described as blue, but that would do them a disservice. That would be like calling Mickey Mantle a baseball player. It said the barest minimum. In fact, Zac’s eyes were the colour of Star of Sapphire gemstones; deep pools of reflection that seemed far wiser than his 5 years. Old and knowing eyes.
His hair, not surprising given his parentage, was a shock of red curls, which women pay good money to obtain.
   
“B’sides. Your father will be getting up soon and you know what he’s like in the morning. Anyways, I thought you’d be excited to see what’s going on across the street.”
“Whuzgoin’ on?”
“There’s a moving van across the street.  Someone’s finally moving into the Ball house.”
Before she had finished the entire sentence, Zachary had rushed past her and run up the stairs, hitting the side door running, the words “Hi Yo Silver” echoing to an empty basement. Rose smiled again and turned off the TV.
The moving truck was parked in the drive of the vacant house across the street. Zachary knew the house’s history well.  His father repeated it often enough. It had now been empty for 3 months. Its previous owner was one Doyle F. Ball. The Ball’s moved into the house when the neighbourhood was new, a few years before the Weeds. Doyle was known around the Weed house as “That Asshole.” Zac had always found Mr. Ball to be nice; Mrs. Ball always had a kind word and a cookie. However, his father referred to anyone he could not relate to as an “asshole.” With that one word, Daniel L. Weed could dismiss 92.48% of the human race.
Three months ago, without telling a soul, the Balls moved out of their house.
Since that day, the house had been vacant.  No “For Sale” sign ever went up. No listing was ever made with a realtor. Dandy had checked. That was the most “assholish” thing they could have done. There was only one reason houses changed hands quietly in 1957. Dandy was convinced that lily-white Gilchrist Street was about to get some chocolate drops. 

In 1942, during war time, Detroit was already experiencing racism.

This was how block-busting was usually done in Detroit. One of the neighbours would quietly move out having sold to a real estate agent, or they would sell it privately. Either way there was a very large profit to be made by the first person on a block to sell their house to a Negro, as they were called by polite society back then. The practice that kept Blacks out of certain neighbourhoods in Motown was called redlining. However, once a block was broken, it was amazing how quickly White Flight could change a neighbourhood.

Dandy Lyon, like most men who went through the service during wartime and had developed their first working relationship with Black folk, didn’t want to live across the street from one. Hell, that’s why he fought the war in the first place! For his Constitutional Right to discriminate!

Such was life in Detroit. Such was life on the west side of Detroit. Such was life on the northwest side of Detroit.

Zachary lived on the northwest side of Detroit, on the west side of Gilchrist, in a house two doors south of the cross street, Hessel.  His house was one block and two houses south of Eight Mile Road, the northernmost boundary of the city of Detroit and the county of Wayne.  Everything beyond 8 Mile was suburbs.

When the Balls moved into their house, the smell of fresh paint would have still permeated the new structure. It, and all the houses around it, was built in 1947. They were post-war houses at their most lackluster built in a tract called Madison Park, but apparently no one who ever lived knew that. The name Madison Park seems to have existed only on the original planning maps. The entire housing tract went up at the same time, virtually overnight. 
A current bird’s eye view of Gilchrist

Each block contains 15 houses whose backyards meet the backyards of 15 houses from the next block. Those 15 houses face 15 houses on the other side of the street. Those 15 houses have backyards that meet the backyards of 15 houses, which look out at 15 houses on the other side of the street. 

In Motown, there are blocks and blocks—stretching into miles and miles—of this type of development. Each house sits on a lot 40 feet wide by 100 feet deep. On a city block: 30 houses; 15 back-to-back with 15 others.  There are eight such blocks to the linear mile. 
In Motown, there are blocks and blocks—stretching into miles and miles—of this house, as there seems to have been only one basic design. Some were finished in asbestos tiles; most were brick. Some had the floor plan reversed; some had unfinished basements.  Some had a finished second floor; others may have had a garage at the end of the driveway. Some had aluminium siding and the occasional house had painted brick. All, however, were the same house and from the outside looked like one of those little green houses you line up on Baltic Avenue before trading them in for a hotel.
At one time, when it was still all forest and farm, people would travel from The City to this very area. Where the West Side Drive-In once stood used to be a farm, complete with riding stables. One could rent a horse and saddle for the afternoon. Just over a mile to the west, as the crow flies or the horse walks, was Madison Park, where Zac’s house came to be built after the war.  It seems a shame that so many trees, each one different and distinct, were destroyed to make way for one house—one house multiplied thousands of times.
If you say Zachary’s house was one block and two houses south of Eight Mile, you could also say it was six blocks and thirteen houses north of Seven Mile. 
Such was life on the northwest edge of Detroit City.

Now on June 1, 1957, the mystery of the Ol’ Ball Plce was about to be solved for young Zachary.  He wriggled into the bushes that flanked his front porch.  This was his customary hiding place.  He often sat, alone, beneath the bushes in the cool shade and spied on the world at large. 

The world at large always seemed to behave differently if it didn’t know a 5-year old child was watching it.
This day there was far more action than usual.  In fact, it was a veritable flurry of activity.  Movers busied themselves carrying boxes and furniture into the Ball house.

It was the goofy family he had spied on months earlier, from this very spot, having a picnic on that very lawn. 

Girls, seemingly of every size and age, helped carry the smaller and lighter objects.  And, on the curb side, in front of the Ol’ Ball Place, was a boy a few inches shorter than Zac, but seemingly of the same age.  He was crying.  He was lying on his back on the grass, legs in the street, screaming himself hoarse. The tears were running down his upper cheeks into his ears. Zach found his empathy and carried it across the street.
When he was close enough to be heard, he spoke.
“Hi!”
The boy froze. His crying stopped. He tilted his head and looked up.
“I’m Zachary.  Can I be your friend?”
The little stranger wiped his eyes. Then he wiped his ears. Then he replied, “Are you a nigger?”

Adrian Roland Thompson’s family wasn’t big on family lore, but there was one thing he knew about his lineage: He was no nigger, whatever that was. The word had been used, often in contemptuous tones, in Adrian’s house. It had usually been whispered about some mysterious “they” and only when Adrian was thought to be out of earshot. One thing was clear: The Thompson’s were better than any niggers.

In direct contrast to Zachary, Adrian knew very little of how he came to be. He had no grandparents that he knew of. He had never heard the story of how his parents met, let alone where they were born. Adrian didn’t know how many generations his family lived in America, nor could he say if any of his kinfolk were famous. In fact, up until the age of three and a half, he didn’t say much of anything.
He never uttered a word.
Roland and Dorothy, his parents, took him to a steady stream of pediatricians, psychologists, and psychiatrists. Dorothy thought he was just “slow developing, thass all” and would catch up to his peers. She’d read Ugly Duckling to him one too many times, and believed it herself.
Randolph had his own theory. He knew Roland was “a mental retard. Other kids his age? You can’t shut ‘em up, they talking a mile a minute.  Bad genes.  Luck o’ the draw, is all.”
Adrian survived the battery of tests.
The experts were in agreement for the big picture, differing only in some details. Adrian’s intelligence scores were higher than average; comprehensive excellent; memory skills outstanding.
One of the more brave (or foolhardy) of the professionals suggested “a trauma—a psychological trauma—which may have caused him to withdraw. It may have been something small and seemingly insignificant at the time, but to a child might have been monumental. Mr. and Mrs. Thompson, have you any idea of what may have affected him so?” 
Dorothy and Randall immediately dismissed that suggestion and kept to their pet theories. “He’s just slow.  He’ll catch up. You’ll see. He’ll blossom like a butterfly,” Dorothy would repeat, as much to convince herself as anyone else.
“I think the boy’s retarded. It’s a bet he didn’t get that from my side of the family,” Randolph would end one discussion after another.

Adrian had two pastimes. Sometimes he’d even do them simultaneously. 

The first was pouring over reading matter. Books, magazines, newspapers. It didn’t matter to Adrian. As long as it had words, or pictures with words, Adrian wanted to look at it. Books with nothing but pictures didn’t interest him at all.
Adrian’s love of words came from Uncle Izzy. Every Sunday, like clockwork — at the exact stroke of 5 – there would be a light knock on the door. The door would burst open before anyone could answer and suddenly Uncle Izzy would be in the room. Despite the fact that he wasn’t very large for a man – slim and almost petite would best describe him – Izzy had a way of occupying all the unused space in a room.
Adrian would almost always be waiting for his arrival, waiting quietly on the chair closest to the door in anticipation. At the quiet rap, he’d jump up and race to the door, because everything about Uncle Izzy delighted the boy. 
He would sweep into the room, set his briefcase – the biggest Adrian had ever seen – on the table just inside the door. If it was cold enough to wear one, he’d take off his coat with a flourish, ending with a move like that of a bullfighter and then casually toss the coat onto Randolph’s chair. It would always land, as if by magic, folded neatly in two laying over the back of the chair.
By now the 3 girls would have arrived in the living room, creating barely controlled pandemonium as Hellos were exchanged. Randolph and Dorothy would always look on quietly from the doorway to the dining room. Izzy would ostentatiously snap open the two catches on the briefcase and inside would always be presents. The children knew to line up by age, oldest first, and Izzy would squat down and distribute the gifts in exchange for a hug and kiss. The girls always got some girlie trinket, but Adrian always got a book. 
Dinner would hit the table at exactly 5:15. Sundays in Adrian’s house ran like Mussolini’s trains, keeping to a strict schedule. Every other day of the week dinner would be whenever Dorothy slapped it on the table, which could be any time between 5:30 and 7. Lately, more and more, the older girls would be told to make dinner, which meant bologna sandwiches. As much as Adrian loved bologna sandwich nights, he loved Sunday more. It always consisted of roast brisket of beef, creamed corn, and mashed potatoes, but it wasn’t the food that made Sunday special. It was Uncle Izzy.
The Sunday routine never varied. One by one, as the girls finished dinner, they would be excused to go do whatever it was that girls did. Adrian would remain behind, long after he finished dinner, listening to his parents and Izzy talk, mostly his mother and Uncle Izzy. Randolph rarely said anything. The clock on the hutch would chime for 6 and Izzy would announce, “It’s time for the men to go have a smoke” and Adrian, Randolph and Izzy would get up from the table while Dorothy called the girls in to clean up.
If the weather was warm enough the men would go onto the porch.  If not, they’d retire to the living room.  Randolph would light up a Lucky Strike. Izzy would reach into his inside breast pocket and pull out a long stogie. First he would run the cigar under his nose and smell it from one end to another. He’d slip the paper ring off the cigar and Adrian would always thrust his hand out. Uncle Izzy would place the paper ring onto two of Adrian’s fingers and pull a match out of the side pocket of the suit jacket. At the same time he stuck the cigar into his mouth, a flame would appear with a hiss on the end of the match. It was like magic to Adrian. It was years before Adrian ever thought to watch the match and not the cigar and, only then, did he see that Izzy used his thumbnail to ignite the match. Rather than feeling disappointed, Adrian thought the thumbnail trick was even better.
Izzy would puff on the cigar as he held the match to the end and the flame would dance in tempo to Izzy’s cheeks. 
Sometimes no one said a word and Adrian would watch the smoke curl above their heads or poke his finger through the smoke rings that Izzy blew. 

Sometimes Randolph and Izzy talked about inconsequential things, like weather and baseball. 

There were other times, however, when nothing Izzy and Randolph said to each other made any sense to Adrian. While he recognized the individual words, when strung together they didn’t amount to anything that Adrian could grasp. Years later he would guess correctly that it was a code, but when he was young he would try to decifer it to no avail. Adrian wanted desparately to understand what they were saying, because the nights that Randolph and Uncle Izzy spoke in code were the only times that Sunday deviated from the careful schedule that had been set up.
On these nights, when his father and Uncle Izzy spoke in tongues, Randolph would stab out his cigarette and Izzy would announce, “I’ll be back in a few minutes, Adrian. Your father and I have to sign some papers” and he’d pick up his briefcase and the two adults would disappear. 
A few years later Adrian would learn that Uncle Izzy, Israel Sharpe, was also the family lawyer and he was almost nine before anyone bothered to tell him that “Uncle” was an affectionate, but honourary, title. Izzy was not related to either Randolph or Dorothy. A few years after that Adrian learned from his father that Izzy was “a fucking Jew who’d no sooner slit your throat than fuck your wife.”
On the Sundays when papers had to be signed, Adrian would wait quietly with his newest book on his lap.
Suddenly Izzy would burst into the room and the Sunday routine would pick up where it left off, because the same thing would happen every Sunday at this time.
“Do you know what time it is, Adrian?” 
With that Izzy would shoot his cuff suddenly and Adrian’s vision would be obscured by a huge watch as Uncle Izzy pointed to the large hand and exclaim, “The big hand’s pointing to the three, so it’s a quarter past.”
He’d shoot his cuff again and reach behind Adrian’s ear and pull out a quarter that always seemed to be behind Adrian’s left ear, but only when Izzy reached for it. It was never there when Adrian looked. 
As Uncle Izzy pressed the quarter into hand, Adrian would close his fist around it. Then Izzy would shoot his cuff again and the watch would look large again in Adrian’s vision.  Izzy would point again.
“And the little hand’s on the 6, so it’s a quarter past 6. Story time.”

With that Izzy would plop down in Randolph’s chair, with an over-exaggerated sigh, and Adrian would scramble up onto his lap and open the book to the first page. Izzy would move Adrian around a little bit until he was in the crook of Izzy’s left arm, safe and warm. Then Izzy would begin reading the book, always starting with the title page.
In interviews during the research of this book, Adrian told me that Sundays was the only day of the week he remembered being hugged by an adult. It was not something his parents did. It was the only time, he told me, he really felt loved and protected. So much so that sometimes he would fall asleep in Izzy’s warm embrace and would wake up in his own bed in the morning without knowing how he got there. 
It wasn’t getting a book from Uncle Izzy. It wasn’t being treated like a man during the smoke break. It wasn’t that Izzy always found a quarter behind his ear. No, Adrian told me, the main reason he looked forward to Sunday and Uncle Izzy’s visit was because it was the only time he wasn’t afraid. Even now, so many years later, listening to this taped interview with Adrian makes me cry. If you could hear it, you’d cry, too.
The other activity that would occupy Adrian’s time, was listening to a crystal radio. Ironically, or maybe not so ironically, the crystal radio was also a gift from Uncle Izzy, for Adrian’s third birthday. 
“This is very special,” Izzy explained when Adrian unwrapped what he thought would be a large book, because it was rectangular. It was, however, a cardboard box with an illustration on the front.
“And it’s very delicate, Adrian.  So you gotta treat this with extra special care.”
The crystal radio set that Adrian was given on his 3rd birthday

Izzy opened the box and Adrian could see wires and parts that looked like some of the things he had been able to see through the slots in the back of the television, when he hid back there.

“You turn this dial very slowly until you hear something,” Izzy continued as he slipped the headphones over Adrian’s ears, “And you can bring the whole world to your ear. The world is bigger than what you can see from your front doorstep.”
Adrian slowly turned the dial and he heard some static. He kept turning and inside the static he heard what sounded like music. Then the music became more distinct and the static less. Then the music was loud and clear until it faded into static, as Adrian turned the knob some more. Adrian turned the knob back the other way until the music was clear again and stopped. He smiled broadly and took the headset off. No one else could hear what he had heard. It wasn’t like the radio in the corner of the living room. It was special. Something only he could hear.
From that day on, if he wasn’t outside he was inside his crystal set. Years later, after the invention of the transistor radio, Adrian was rarely out of radio contact with the rest of the world.

When Adrian was 1277 days old [as he told me.  I had to do the math to figure out that he was about three and a half], the Thompson family gathered at the dining room table for another non-Sunday meal.  Naturally Randolph sat at the head of the table, farthest away from the kitchen, with his back to the living room.  Dorothy sat at the other end of the table, which was closest to the kitchen.  On her immediate left was Julie-Ann in her high chair, born, as Adrian would tell me, a mere 400 days after him.  Adrian would sit on Julie-Ann’s left, which put him on Randolph’s immediate right.  On the opposite side of the table were Rita, 2 years older than Adrian and Lorraine, another 2 years older than that.

Meals, other than the special Sunday night dinner, were to be quietly endured.  Conversation was kept to the bare minimum, which bothered the silent Adrian not a whit.  No child could leave the table until every morsel – every last crumb – had been devoured. 
“Adrian?  Are you feeling okay?”  Dorothy reached across Julie-Ann to feel his forehead.
Instinctively Adrian drew back, glancing quickly at his father who was raising a forkful of corn mixed with mashed potatoes into his mouth’s range.  He was lost in thought, his eyes dull and grey, not paying attention.  Adrian lent forward, allowing his mother to feel his forehead. 
“I don’t feel a temperture.  But, you don’t look so good.  D’you feel okay?  Are you sick?”
Adrian slowly shook his head from side to side.  His eyes were red and he had dark circles under his eyes.  He had been crying most of the day, but that was something he knew better than to let his father see. 
“What’s bothering you, dear?” 
Adrian fixed his mother’s eyes with his.  He moved his jaw slightly, almost a quiver, as if to say something. As usual nothing came out.

No one at the table had any expectation he would say something.  He never did.  He glanced around the table and eight pairs of eyes were on him.  He stole another quick side-glance at his father, who was scooping up more mashed potatoes with a rare piece of meat skewered on the end of his fork.  He was still off somewhere else, disinterested.

Again Adrian squared his eyes with his mother’s.  Again his jaw moved, this time almost an imitation of the Tin Woodman’s after Dorothy Gale oiled his joints. 
Without any warning, and surprising to almost all, Adrian spoke for the first time.
“The bird died.”
Dorothy’s eyes suddenly filled with silent tears, then over-flowed when she blinked.  Lorraine and Rita were frozen.  Even Julie-Ann, as young as she was, seemed to know something momentous had just happened.  Only one Thompson seemed unaware of the specialness of the moment.
“What fucking bird?” he spat out along with a partially chewed kernel of corn, which stuck to his chin. 
Adrian had been listening to his crystal radio. “Charlie Parker.  The Bird.  He died last night at the age o –”
“That nigger music?”  Randolph spat again.  His face had already started to flush with anger.  He rose and slapped Adrian on the back of the head so hard, his plate broke when his head hit it.  “Don’t you ever let me hear you talk about that jigaboo music again.”

By the time Adrian had wiped the food off his face his father had already left the room.  His mother went into the kitchen and returned with a warm washcloth, which she used to clean food and blood off his face.  The cut on his cheek wasn’t very big, but it left a lifetime scar. 

Adrian tells me he never initiated a conversation with his father again, something that I’ve come to believe. Something else I’ve come to believe, but Adrian never seems to have considered: Randolph had a greater knowledge of Black music than most. How did he known Parker was Black?

From that day on, one of the children’s voices heard on Fullerton was that of Adrian.  It filtered into the windows and the sound of it often made Dorothy cry.  She only ever seemed to hear him through the window, because he rarely spoke again in the house.

The quote is from Isaiah, Chapter 2, verse 4:

“And he shall judge among the nations, and shall rebuke many people: and they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruninghooks: nation shall lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war anymore.”
The bible had once belonged to his Great-great-great-grandmother and on this day, January 20, 1957, Richard Milhous Nixon placed his hand upon this passage and used it to take the oath of office for his second term as Vice President of the United States of America.  Eisenhower was sworn in as President and would continue to lull the country to sleep.  After all, this was the year Darvon was introduced as a substitute for Codeine.

Adrian insists on telling me what Nixon was doing that day and that it be put down in this book as he describes it.  That’s enough for me because, after all, this is his story I’m telling. I know he’s had a life-long fascination with Nixon, one that predates the famous Kennedy–Nixon debates, or so he has always claimed.

On the same day that Nixon was taking his oath, Adrian was up to no good as well.  Firstly, he was playing with his friend Keith.  He had been told never to play with that nigger. 
Secondly, Adrian and Keith were playing with fire….literally.  They were in the alley that ran behind Fullerton playing in a trash fire that someone had set.  Back in the good ol’ days of the ‘50s, private citizens were allowed to incinerate their garbage, or anything else they wanted, without regard to something called The Environment.  Behind many houses on Fullerton were oil drums, with air holes punched in the sides, where people burned whatever they wanted to get rid of.  Adrian was forbidden to play in these fires, which naturally made the fires all the more attractive.  Adrian and Keith would feed the fires with paper, plastic –although there wasn’t a lot of plastic in those days, leaves or whatever else they could scrounge.  All in the name of experimentation, of course.  Maybe they caused global warming.
The last time Adrian was caught playing in the fires, his father whooped him good.  And then when he found out he had been with Keith again, he whooped him all over again. 
However, when he began to have pains in his stomach he suddenly turned and ran for home. 
“I’ll be back”
“Where you going?”
“I gotta go to the bathroom”
Keith was content to wait.  He knew Randolph was a racist. He was the only person to ever call him nigger to his face, athough his father said white people used the word when they are alone all the time.
Adrian only got two steps when it all came running out and down his pant leg.
He ran faster.
Randolph sat in the living room listening to the radio and reading, but secretly he was hoping Adrian would smell of smoke again when he came home.  He had had a bad day. 
Adrian ran up the stairs, past Randolph and Dot in the living room, down the hall to the bathroom.  Randolph sniffed the air.  There was the scent of smoke, but there was something else.  Something pungent.  Something familiar.
“That kid smells like…like…,” searching his brain for the right olfactory neurons. 
Foulmouthed Dot finished his sentence the way she usually did, “SHIT!” 
She ran down the hallway, flung open the bathroom door to see Adrian wiping the runny, brown accident from himself.
“SHIT!”
Randolph had caught up and already had his belt out.
“WHATTHEHELLAREYOUDOING?”
Not only did Dot have to clean Adrian, but had to put iodine on a few cuts.  He was running a fever, so Dot put him to bed.
“Don’t wear pyjamas tonight.  It’ll help.  You’re burning up.”  But she was more worried about the cuts on his ass.
Adrian cried himself to sleep.

Upon awakening Adrian was confused. 

Feverish, his body and bed felt swampy.  A slash of light pushed through the cracked opening of the door, casting frightening cubist shadows on the far wall of his room.  Noise accompanied the shadows. 
It also pushed into the room.  Voices.  Angry voices.  Adrian climbed out of bed and followed the voices. 
“—e’ve got to get out of this shit hole.”
“I’m trying.  I’m trying.”  Randolph almost whispered in a dejected voice.  He never lost his temper with Dorothy.  He might be man enough to dominate Adrian, but he knew he was no match for his better half.  Especially when she was in a mood like this.
“You’re not trying hard enough!  I want out of this house now!”  
Dot was keening, as she did when aroused by something. 
Adrian drew closer to his parents’ room.  His mother was really worked up.
“Don’t worry.  I’m saving up.  I’ve got most of a down payment now.  I’ll have the rest in 10 months.  A year at the most if the car holds out.”
“A year!  A year!  We won’t have a year.  Adrian will be dead within a year.  We could all be dead within a year.  You know Mrs. Mitchell?  The one on the next block? Down Fullerton?  On the other side of Linwood?”
“Her husband Matt?”
“No, that’s the family next door.  She’s the tall woman with the two girls.  Plays bridge with the Maynards.  We had dinner there once.”
“Yeah, right.  So?”
“So!  So!  I heard she’s still in the hospital.  So she was raped last week.  She was shopping on Dexter walking home with groceries and she was dragged into the alley.  Adrian was in the alley again tonight.  We can’t stay here another minute!”
Adrian could see his mother through the keyhole.  She wore a foundation girdle, the connected garters swinging uselessly as she paced in and out of his vision.  She stopped at the window, split the curtain and peered out into the darkness.  Her back started to heave.  The sobs came.  Adrian had seen the waterworks before.
“Tonight Adrian was playing in the fires again.  You keep saying, ‘Wait.  Wait.’ For how long now?  Nine months?  How much longer do we have to wait?  Until we’re robbed?  Until Adrian burns his clothes off?  Until one of the girls is raped?  Until I’m raped?  How long, Randy?” 
“Please, please, understand, Dot.  Izzit my fault they want so much for a down payment?  Izzit my fault they’re moving onto the block?  Izzit my fault Adrian’s only friend is that nigger Keith?”
“You’re not here all day long.  You don’t see what goes on here while you’re gone.  I can’t keep him inside all day.  You’re never here.”
“That’s not fair.  One of us has to put food on the table, dammit!  I took that weekend job delivering papers so we could save up.  When I’m not working, I gotta keep the car up so I can deliver The Free Press otherwise we’ll never save up.”
“Oh god, Randolph.  Look at us.  I know you work hard.  They got us crazy, that’s all.  It’s not bad enough they all come from broken homes.  They want to break up our home too.  As God as my witness, Randy, if we don’t find a house by Adrian’s birthday I swear I’ll go move in with my sister.  I’ll take the kids and leave.”
“Don’t cry, Dorothy.  I’ll figure out a way.  I’ll ask for a raise.  I’ll—“
“No!  I won’t wait.  I want you to ask Izzy for a loan?”
“Izzy?  Hasn’t he done enough for—“
“No.  If you don’t ask Izzy for a loan on Sunday, I’m leaving on Monday.”
“I don’t want to stay here any longer than you do.  But Izzy?”
“That’s it, Randy.  I’ve had it up to hear.  You’ll do it, or I am out that door.  You understand me?”
“Don’t cry, babe.  Don’t cry.  Don’t leave me.  Please?  Don’t leave.  Okay.  Okay.  I’ll ask Izzy.  I’ll do it this Sunday.”

When the household awoke to a new day Adrian was curled up outside his parents’ bedroom door.  He was using the throw rug as a blanket.

As the months passed Adrian heard no more about moving.  He was more careful about being seen with Keith and life on Fullerton settled back into its old routine.

April 28, 1957 began like many Sundays, but ended like no other Sunday Adrian had known.  In between they played Right/Left.

It had become almost a family tradition.  After Randolph delivered the bulky Sunday papers he came home to breakfast.  After the clean up, they’d all pile into the family Buick and play his favourite game: Right/Left.  It’s rules were simple.  Taking turns, from eldest to youngest, they would each get to decide the direction the car would take next. 

Father always waited until he got the car out of the neighbourhood and then Dorothy would get her turn.  She could decide whether the car would turn right, left, or go straight.  Rita followed.  Lorraine’s turn followed Rita’s and Adrian followed them.  Julie-Anne was too young to count, or speak for that matter, so it was back to Randy, Dot, Lorraine, Rita, Adrian.  Repeat as necessary.  Eventually they always arrived at an interesting destination, but Adrian had figured a few weeks earlier that this destination was always a place Randolph had specifically set out to reach.  This actually impressed Adrian.  It seemed magical that even though everyone else was giving the directions, the destination was not their own.
Magical, but unimportant.  Adrian had grown bored with Right/Left and, more importantly, with the destinations.  One week it would be an art museum or art show.  The next week it might be a boring picnic in Palmer Park.  They never went anywhere Adrian wanted.  Like a playground.  Or amusement parks.  Adrian had read about Edgewater Park and had studied a street map in the house.  He thought he knew how to get there, but with only one turn out of five, there was no way he could make the car get there.
This Sunday Adrian felt more like reading, a rare thing for any 4 and a half year old.  To be honest, since he spent less time with Keith he spent more time reading and a larger world was opening to him.  A world or words and vistas created for his enjoyment.  Cut off from his best friend he poured over every book, magazine, newspaper or pamphlet that he could find.  Later, he would say, he was amazed that he could recall it all, even though at the time he barely understood much of what he was reading.
“Come on, Adrian.  It’s time to go.” Dorothy cooed as she stuck her head in his room while he sat and re-read his newest book from Uncle Izzy, “The Cat in the Hat.”
“I don’t wanna go.  I wanna stay here ‘n’ read.”
“Don’t be difficult,” her voice automatically becoming more strident.
“Mom,” the little voice pleaded.  “I hate that game.  I don’t wanna go.”
“Is it necessary to call your father?”
Randolph was already behind the wheel of the car waiting.  Adrian knew he was in for a beating if he continued to resist, but resist he did.
“I’m not going.  I’m gonna stay here and read.”
“Okay.  That’s it.  Father will settle this once and for all,” her voice trailed off as she stomped down the hall.  Adrian could still hear her.  “You’re not going to sit there and tell me what you’re gonna do, or not do.  I won’t stand it.  I’ve got enough problems with the move without him telling me what—” the slamming of the door cut off the rest, but Adrian could fill it in.  She would be telling Randolph that something had to be done  now.  Randolph would ask, “What?”  She’d say she didn’t know, but she wasn’t going to take any more of his bullshit, that she’s “had it up to here” and Randolph, with a sigh, would heave himself out of the car.  He would stomp into the house, down the hall and into the room where Adrian was reading.  Adrian was already stealing himself to being picked up by the elbow, given a couple of well-placed whacks, and dragged forcefully out of the house and into the—
“What seems to be the problem in here, Sport?”
The only time Randolph ever called him “Sport” was when he was trying to trick him.  Why the trickery and not a beating?
“I don’t wanna go, Dad.  I wanna stay home and read.  Besides, I hate that game!”
“You’re not old enough to stay home by yourself.  Rita and Lorraine ain’t even old enough to stay home by themselves.  Hate it?  I thought you liked to play Right/Left.”
“Not any more.  We never go anywhere good.  We never get anywhere I wanna go.”
“How can you say that?  You’re the ones telling me where to drive.  Where do you wanna go?”
Something was very wrong here.  Adrian knew that Dorothy had just given Randolph the old ‘I can’t take it anymore’ speech and Randy was trying to reason with him. 

“We always go somewhere boring.  I wanna go to that amusement park Edgewater or stay home by myself.”

“Edgewater doesn’t even open ‘til next month. Look, I’ll make you a deal.  You can make all the choices today.  All the rights and lefts.  Okay?”
“No!  I don’t wanna go.”
“What if I agree to take you to Edgewater opening weekend?
Tasting a true victory, for the first time, Adrian pushed his luck, “And I get to choose today too?”
“Sure, why not?”
Adrian slapped his book closed, ran past Randolph, and, within minutes, another game of Right/Left was underway, with one big difference: Adrian made all the choices as soon as they left the neighbourhood.  Just for the sheer excitement of it, Adrian tried to get them lost.
More than two and a half hours later, longer than any game of Right/Left had lasted, Randolph pulled over. 
“I don’t know about anybody else, but I could eat a goat.  We might as well eat lunch.  You’ve finally done it, Sport.  I’m lost.  I’ll study the map when we eat.  I can find out how to get home.”
By Adrian’s count he had said “left” seventeen times, “right” twenty-two times, and “straight” twelve times.  He was gleeful at his finally getting nowhere during Right/Left that he giggled and danced as the picnic basket and stuff was taken out of the trunk.  The girls helped spread out the blankets.  All during lunch everyone, except Adrian and Julie-Anne, chattered away at what a nice neighbourhood this was.  How clean.  How fresh.  How bright.
As Adrian told me years later, it was a set piece.  But he didn’t realize it at the time.  He didn’t understand that everyone was playing a carefully rehearsed part. 

Still, Adrian thought they were wrong.  There was nothing nice about this neighbourhood, except that they seemed to let total strangers picnic on their front lawn, which had no beautiful dandelions.  The lawn was almost a carpet.  He looked up one side of the block and counted fifteen house.  He looked on the other side of the street and counted 15 houses.  Each house faced one another.  Every driveway was a continuation of the one on the other side of the street.  He looked up the driveway where he was.  There was a small white garage and, beyond, another garage in a backyard just like this backyard.  No alley?!?!

“Sport?  Let’s go for a walk.  I want to talk about the Sunday surprise we talked about in your room.”
They crossed the street and walked two house to the corner.  Randolph pulled out his pack of Luckies, lit one with his Zippo and just stood silently looking around. Adrian couldn’t help but read the signs, which he could only do because of Uncle Izzy’s books.  Gilchrist Street. Hessel Avenue. 
“You know what, Sport?  I wuz just thinking.  We’re only about 3 miles from Edgewater Park right here.  You could ride your bike there when you got older if we lived here.”
He pulled on his cigarette again and let that sink in.
“We could live here, yannow.  What would you think of that?”
Adrian looked down the block to the next street.  It was the busiest street he ever saw.  Cars were whizzing past like a speedway.  He looked down the other way.  House, house, house.  Where was the empty lot to play in?  The alleys?  The fires?
To his right he sensed movement in the bushes.  He looked over to the house next door and saw a flash of red as sunlight caught something .  Maybe a cat.  A calico cat.  It pulled back when he looked.  He sort of looked away, but kept his eyes on the spot.  A kid’s face flashed out of the bushes for a second and when Adrian reacted, ducked back.
“Well? Whaddaya think?”
“Think about what?”
“About moving to this place.  The place you got us lost at?”
“I think it’s a funny place.”
“A funny place?  Whyzzat?”
Adrian scrunched up his face.  “It’s like a place ina fairy tale.  It reminds me of Aunt Wilma’s living room.”
Randolph scrunched up his face.  “Aunty Wilma’s living room?!?!”
“Well, you know, whenever we go visit her and Uncle Frank and her living is wrapped in plastic.  So they make me play ina backyard, but I can’t do anything because of all the rosebushes and garage.
“You’d like it here, Adrian.  I have a surprise for you.  I bought that house across the street where we ate.  We’re moving here in two months.”
“No!”
“Whaddayameanno!”  In a flash the real Randolph was back and he had his fist wrapped in the front of Adrian’s shirt.
“We’re gonna get two things straight right now and don’t you say another word or I’ll beat you like I’ve never beat you before.
“First.  We’re moving here and if you give me any lip about it I’ll smack you into next week. 
“Next.  If I ever catch you playing with a nigger again, I’ll put you in your room and lock the door for a year.  Do we understand each other?”
“No!  Please.”
The slap was so loud it startled a bird on Zachary’s grass.  A clear handprint was left on Adrian’s cheek.  Another clear memory was left on Zachary.
“I!  Said!  Not!  Another!  Word!”
One the way home he heard a new song on the radio that echoed how he felt: I’m all shook up!

If that were the only unusual thing that happened that Sunday, it would have been enough for Adrian to have etched it as a red letter day in his mind, but there was one more surprise left for him that day.

As usual, Uncle Izzy showed right up on time, almost taking all the air out of the room until it was time for dinner.  Dinner was quieter than usual and then the boys retired for their smoke.  As soon as they sat down and Izzy’s cigar was glowing, he did the unexpected.
“What happened to your face, Adrian?”
Adrian looked at his father.  His father was looking at Izzy.  Izzy was looking at Adrian.  Stalemate.
“Adrian?” The voice, practically the only kindness in Adrian’s, life drew him to look at Izzy.  “Aren’t we friends?  Friends can tell each other anything.”
Adrian glanced back to look at Randolph.  He hadn’t taken his eyes off Izzy.  Adrian saw something else.  Fear.
“Are you worried what your father may think?  Randy and I are great friends.  Aren’t we Randy?”
Randy’s jaw clenched and he swallowed.  “If you’re asking—“
“I’m asking if we are friends, Randolph.  Not best buddies.”
“Uh, yes, we’re friends, Izzy.”
“See, Adrian.  We’re all friends here.  We’re all men here.  No need to retire to another room.  So, tell me what happened.”
Almost against his will it came rushing out, “Daddy hit me.”
“Izzat, right Randy?  Did you hit a defenceless boy?”
Now Izzy stared at Randolph. 
Randolph stammered.
“I asked you a question.”
“He said he wouldn’t move, after all you had done for us, Izzy.  I had to knock some sense into the boy.  You know how boys are sometimes.”
Izzy looked back at Adrian.  “Does he hit you often, Adrian?”
Adrian looked back at Izzy.  “Alla time, Uncle Izzy.”
“Hmmmm.  Since we’re all men here, I’m just going to come out and speak man to man to man here.  Is that alright with you, Adrian?”
“Yes.”
“And, I’m sure you have no objections do you, Randy?” 
Not even waiting for an answer, he continued. “Adrian?  Only a coward would hit a little boy, or pick on someone smaller than them.  You’re father’s nothing but a scared coward.  Aren’t you, Randy?”
“Now c’mon a minute—“
“Let’s get something straight between us, Randy.  You will never hit this boy again.”
“I raise the boy, not you.”
“I don’t care, Randy.  If you ever strike this boy again, it’ll be the last thing you do.  You know I can have that done, don’t you?”
“You wouldn’t, Izzy.”
“You must think so very little of yourself to even say such a thing.  I own you.  I could ruin you in 2 minutes.  Without even leaving this house. And, that would only be a beginning.”
The house breathed in silence.  Izzy took a big puff on his cigar and let out ring after ring, each one chasing another across the room.  He placed the cigar in the ashtray.
“Adrian, c’mere.”
When Adrian was close enough Izzy scooped him up into his lap and reached inside his breast pocket.  Adrian thought, for a moment, that he was going to finally get to smoke a cigar.  After all, we’re all men here.
Instead, Izzy pulled out a small leather wallet, and flipped open the front, it was filled with business cards and he took two out. 
“Adrian.  This is my business card.  If you ever have a problem with him hitting you again, I want you to call me.  This other card I only give to my special friends.  It’s my service.  They’ll know how to reach me day or night.  You’ll call me?”
“Well…—“
“Well, nothing.  If you don’t call me, you’re telling me you don’t want to be friends anymore.  Friends look out for friends and you don’t want me to help you, you don’t want my friendship.  And, that would make me sad.  You want to be friends, doncha Adrian?”
“Sure, Unca Izzy.”
“So you call me whenever you need me.”
“Okay.”
“One other thing, Adrian.  It was my idea that your dad buy that new house.  I even loaned him some money so he could afford it.  I saw where you were living and I wanted something better for my friends.  I’m sorry if my idea was a bad one, Adrian, but it’s too late to change it.  Will you forgive your friend and help make it work?”
“I’ll try, Unca Izzy.”
“If we only knew how many times over the years we’d use the numbers on those business cards,” Adrian told my tape recorder years later as he was both dialing the number and telling me the story, “We’d’ve had them framed.”

The merry, merry month of May was spent packing for the June First move.  Both Adrian and Randolph kept their promise to Izzy and it was harder to tell who had the most difficult bargain.  A couple of times it looked like Randy would haul off, but then suddenly announce he was going for a walk instead.

Normally it would have been easy enough for Adrian to stay invisible, but some genius had decided to pack his books and toys first.  This sent him back to the alleys for fun.
One day he was just walking down the alley kicking stones when three toughs a year or two older jumped out and started to pound him for no reason at all.  Suddenly this big kid jumped out and just yelled one word, “Hey!”
The punks stopped, looked up, and just as suddenly as they appeared they took off like a shot down the alley.  The big kid leaned over and helped Adrian up.  Adrian started to dust himself off and the other kid helped a bit.  The kid then said, “You’re Adrian, aintcha?”
“Yeah.  How did you know.”
“I’s Frank.  Ain’t Keith ever tol’ you ‘bout me?  Ah’m ‘is brudder.”
“I din’t know he had a brother.”
“Yeah, he got two of us.  He must be ashamed not to mention us.”
“Nah.  He says my Dad hates him so maybe he thinks your folks’ll hate me.  I dunno.  Thanks for helping me.  Those guys woulda killed me.”
“I did it because your Keith’s friend.  That makes us almost blood brothers.”
“Whaddaya mean?”
“We exchange some blood and we’re blood brothers forever. Do you wanna be blood brothers?”
“But I’m moving.”
“Moving, huh?  That’ll jes make it better.  You can spread the word.  A blood brother is like a friend who is family.  You’d do anything for a blood brother.”
Adrian was all for it and within a minute Frank had taken out a small pocket knife, make a small prick on both their right thumbs.  He pushed his thumb against Adrian’s and the few drops of blood made it squishy.  They each withdrew their thumbs and licked off the remaining blood. 
“Hey, whatcha doing?”
Keith snuck up on them undetected. 
“I just made your little buddy a blood brother.”
“That makes us blood brothers too.  Look, Adrian.”
Keith held out his thumb, which had a small scar running down the middle.  It’s funny Adrian had never seen it before.  A noise from down the alley caught their attention and they saw a neighbour beginning a fire, so they took off down the alley shouting behind their back to Frank.

May, 1957 had receded into history.  Adrian wandered from room to room.  They were all now empty.  Everything was either boxed and in the hallway, or dismantled and on the front lawn.  With nothing left to do, Adrian moved aimlessly through the rooms.  A lighter spot on the wall was where the oval framed picture of his grandparents had been, people he had never known personally or by story.  A chip in a door frame was a reminder of the time Adrian threw a metal die-cut truck at Rita.  The inside door to the pantry had a height marked off ever since they had moved there.  He wandered to the front covered porch and there on the other side of the street was Keith.

Adrian ran outside to his curb, where the two of them sat on opposite sides of the street and just stared at each other.  Occasionally, one of them would hold up his thumb and the other would reply, anticipating Siskel and Ebert by many years.  Less often tears were wiped from cheeks.  For close to 90 minutes they just stared and gave each other the thumbs up.  Behind Adrian was a beehive of activity as movers packed everything into two trucks.  Eventually, Dorothy came and told him it was time to get into the Buick.  He sat small on the backseat seat between Rita and Lorraine and never looked back as Fullerton retreated, except in his mind.  There he examined Fullerton almost obsessively in the years to come.

Zachary was in his hiding place in the bushes, underneath the bay window in the living room.  The operation across the street looked so comical.  The movers would put the boxes on the lawn, while they carried the bulky stuff into the house.  Two girls and a boy were helping sort the smaller boxes.  The boy was the smallest and, whenever he’d find something manageable, one of the girls would snatch it out of his hands.  The boy would return to the small boxes.  Again it would be snatched out of his hands before he got anywhere near the house and the process would begin anew. 

Finally the boy found a box in which he seemed familiar.  He opened it and became absorbed in the contents.  The box contained the books that Adrian hadn’t seen in weeks.  He pulled one out and sat down and started reading.  He picked a bad place to sit and when the movers were pulling the couch off the truck, one tripped over Adrian and the couch came crashing down, missing Adrian, but breaking the wooden arm.
He was sent to sit at curbside, which is where he was crying when Zachary approached. 
“Hi.  Can I be your friend?”
“Are you a nigger?”
Zachary jumped onto Adrian and started pummelling him.  Randolph saw what was going on and pulled this strange boy off his son.  Two minutes on the block and the trouble was already starting.
“Where do you live?”
Zachary pointed to the house across the street. 
“You’d better get back there before I kick your ass there.”
Zachary ran across the road, where he remained, only spying the boy from the bushes.
The next day the stalemate continued.  Zachary remained in the bushes and Adrian would occasionally see him poke out his freckled face and look around. 
Zachary hated that new kid.  He had called him the worst thing that anybody could call anybody.  That’s what his father had told him just a few months ago.  A cousin was visiting and they were in the process of who would be “It” in a game of tag with The Pratt Boys.  Normally they’d use the very scientific “one-potato, two-potato method” of choosing an “It.”
But Zachary’s cousin started with, “Eenie-meeney, miney moe, catch a nigger by the toe, if he hollars, let him go, eenie-meeney—“
Zac’s father, who had been sitting in the porch, was the one who started hollering.  He came running over and explained that he didn’t want to ever hear the boys say that word again.  It was a terrible word.  It was the worst thing one could call somebody else.  It was a forbidden word and he didn’t want to ever hear Zachary say it again.  

Ironically, Daniel was as racist as they came. He just understood there were certain ways to code these references. 

Now, as Zachary spied on Adrian, he felt angry all over again.  How could that boy call him the worst thing you can call anybody? He was, at that moment, convinced that Adrian was the “dumbest kid inna whole world.”
For one, he used a forbidden word without even knowing what it meant.  Zachary felt superior, even though he had only learned what the word meant recently. Zachary had never used it before or after.  

Another reason Zachary thought Adrian dumb was because he couldn’t ride a two-wheeler.  Zachary had been riding his bike without training wheels for months as well. 

He watched as Adrian, across the street, ran his bike down to the corner, turn around, and run it back again.  He looked liked he wanted to jump up on it while it was moving, but he never made the leap onto the seat.  After about 15 minutes, Randolph came out of the house and joined Adrian.
The bike was brand new.  It was Uncle Izzy’s present to Adrian for making him move and was waiting for him at the new house.  It sparkled, shiny in the late afternoon sun.  Adrian wanted to learn to ride it first thing in the morning.  However, since it was a Sunday, Randolph had to wake up early and deliver The Free Press first.  Once he had come home, and eaten breakfast, it was time for another game of Left/Right. Hours later, after a picnic in the suburbs, they returned.  Then Randolph had a nap.  By the time Adrian convinced him to help him learn to ride the bike, it was almost dinnertime.  If life kept the routine it always had, Uncle Izzy would be here for dinner in the next hour and Adrian wanted to show him he could ride his new bike.
As Zach watched from his hiding place, Randy put Adrian on the seat of bike and ran up and down the block yelling, “Now pedal, pedal!”
Adrian could barely find the pedals as they swung around knocking into the back of his heels.  Finally feet matched pedals and Adrian’s little legs pumped up and down.  Randolph kept running, holding onto the back of the seat.  Then, with one last push, Adrian was on his own, wobbling south on Gilchrist.  His problems were manifest.  He could barely balance.  He didn’t know how to brake.  He didn’t know how to steer.  Worse, from a 5-year old’s point of view, the bully across the street could ride a two-wheeler.  Adrian had seen him racing up and down the block that morning as he waited for Right/Left to begin.  If he could do it, Adrian could do it.
That was pretty much his last thought as he finally toppled, traveling less than a house-length on his own, the ground rushing up to meet his forehead.
Adrian didn’t know how long he had been unconscious, but he supposed it was just a minute or two.  Randolph was carrying him into the front door when he came to.  The girls were screaming all around him.  He was bleeding from a cut on the forehead and the metallic taste of blood was in his mouth. 
When he was stable, and his knees no longer knocked together, he was allowed off the couch to join the family at the dinner table.  Although his knees no longer knocked, the food on his plate would not stay still.  Adrian watched it go around and around a few circuits and finally puked onto his plate.
Years later would learn the word “concussion” and understood that he had probably suffered a mild one that night.  The extra T.V. time that night was obviously a way to monitor his health and make sure he wasn’t going to die.  Adrian didn’t even know that had been a possibility.

Uncle Izzy did not come over that night.

The next day Zachary wriggled into his hiding spot.  It was a quiet Monday morning and nothing much was happening.  Movement from across the street caught his attention.  Adrian was walking his bike down the driveway.  He turned onto the sidewalk and shoved the kickstand down.  There he waited for his father for another bike riding lesson.
Zachary left his bush and walked onto the lawn next door to his.  Again, the empathy.  Zachary was one of the most empathetic people I have ever met. 
“I could teach you!” He shouted across the street.
Adrian looked up.  “You jes wanna hit me again”
“I only hit you because you called me a bad name.”
“No, I didn’t.”
Zachary crossed the street and sat next to Adrian.
“Doncha know nuttin’?  ‘Nigger’s’ is a bad word for Negros.”
Adrian was stunned, but it all now made sense.  Keith was black as night.  His brother Frank was not as dark, more caramel coloured.  Most of the newer families on Fullerton had dark skin.  That’s when, he later told me, he figured out what his parents were running away from. While Daniel knew enough not to use the word on polite society, it was a word that slipped from Randy’s lips as easily as the word “pie.”

By the end of the day Zachary had taught him something almost as important, how to ride a two-wheeler.  First he took him across the street to the fence in his backyard.  Mounted on the fence was a bicycle seat that Dandy had mounted there.  This would also be the first time he’d see Mrs. Cashman’s backyard, as the seat balanced the fence between Zach’s yard and the Cashman’s.

Mrs. Cashman lived on the corner, the same corner where Randolph smoked his cigarette and slapped his son just months ago.  It was said she and her husband bought the house new and were the first on the block, but he had died soon after.  Now she lived there alone and it was obvious keeping up with a house was too hard for her.  While her front lawn looked like every other of the 29 lawns on the block, the back was an overgrown rainforest, without the rain.
“Now, you cain’t fall inat yard.  Tha’s where the witch lives.  She usalee only comes out at night.  But I heard her screaming out there inna day, sometimes, too.  Yeh jes cain’t see her in the high grass.”
And that’s how Adrian learned to balance: By not falling off a bicycle seat balanced on a fence; too afraid to fall off and be eaten by a witch.  By the time they got back across Gilchrist, Adrian had acquired the balance necessary to sit on his seat, pick his feet off the ground, wobble a few seconds, before he had to stamp a foot back on the ground for support. But, it was a start.
“Now all’s ya gotta do is when it feels right, push forward, and put your feet on the pedals.”
Adrian pushed off and wobbled, but he wobbled for two houses before he had to put his feet down again.
“I seeda prob’m.  Yer holdin’ yer arms straight.  Ben’yer arms and use yer elbows t’ turn.”
Second try was the charm.  He wasn’t fast, or anything, but he was moving under his own power and Edgewater Park was still only 3 miles away.
“I’m sorry I hit you.” Zachary said later.
“I’m sorry I called you that word.”

And, it didn’t matter anymore.  A life-long connection was made.

Four days later was Adrian’s 5th birthday, but they would celebrate the next day on Saturday.  Other than family (which included all the aunts, uncles and cousins he hated) Adrian’s only true guest at his own birthday was Zachary, invited at his mother’s suggestion.  Adrian was only too happy to do so.  Since Zach had taught him how to ride his bike, they had been inseparable.  He was also pleased Randolph and Dot accepted Zachary as his friend.  It was the first time they didn’t try chasing one of his friends away.  That had been Adrian’s big fear. That didn’t happen until years later.
The birthday haul: a cheap baseball glove from Randy and Dot; a Monopoly game from his older sisters; three pairs of underwear from Aunt Dow, the only present she ever gave; an ugly sweater, a hand knitted gift from his mother; and, from Uncle Izzy, books. From Zachary he received a small present, smaller than the rest.  He saved it for the last to open, even though it was the one he wanted to open first. 
It was flat, thinner than a pancake, and 7 inches square.  Adrian knew it would be a record.  His sisters had a few Rockabilly 45s and even had their own record player.  This package was exactly the same size as their records.  After all the other presents had been opened, and the ‘thank yous’ and ‘you’re welcomes’ exchanged, he grabbed at Zachary’s gift. It was, as he expected, a record. It was a record by Elvis Presley. It was a record called “All Shook Up.”
“It’s the Number One song in the country right now,” Zachary told Adrian.
This would be the first incident of synchronicity between the boys in a lifetime filled with these bizarre coincidences.  Adrian told him of hearing the song for the first time the day they came to inspect the house.  He told Zachary the song had been playing inside his head ever since that day. He told Zachary how the song also came out of his crystal set. 

Then he told him about Keith and all about Frank.  He told him what he understood, which wasn’t much, of the ancient blood brothers ceremony Frank had performed on him. 

On June 8th Adrian Roland Thompson and Zachary Harvard Weed became blood brothers and blood brothers they would remain until the blood spilled tore them apart.

© Copyright 2014 by Headly Westerfield

Farce au Pain
NAVIGATION

◄◄ Table of Contents ◄ •  Chapter One – The Period • ► Chapter Three – Coming Soon! ►►

The Detroit Riots ► Unpacking My Detroit ► Part Five

12th Street, Detroit. Michigan, one week before the 1967 Riot.
That’s Pops’ store way down the block on the left: Astor Furniture.

When people hear I am from Detroit, inevitably they ask about the Detroit Riot. “Which one?” I always reply. There was more than one, yet most people are only aware of the 1967 Black Day In July Riot. However, when you look at the history of Detroit, it’s apparent that rioting is in her DNA—both figuratively and literally—but I’ll get to that later. First I will tell you of my personal experiences during the ’67 Riot because that’s what people really want to know when they ask about the Detroit Riot. I want to get it out of the way quickly [or as quickly as my story-telling tangents allow] because there are much better riots to talk about. However, you will need some important context.

Astor Furniture, on Detroit’s 12th Street, was where my father had a new and used furniture store in 1967. The street is now known as Rosa Parks Boulevard and Pops’ store was at the corner of Blaine.  My house on the edge of Detroit, near 8 Mile, was less than 10 miles from Pops’ store on 12th Street. However, it might have been a million miles away, as different as the two places were. My neighbourhood had no Black people; where Pops had his store, there were no White people. Detroit has long been considered one of the most segregated cities in ‘Merka and this gulf between where we lived and where my father earned his living was the personification of that for me as I grew up. 

Gordon Lightfoot tells you all about it:

I used to go down to 12th Street with Pops on the weekends and, as I got older, would often go out on deliveries with the all-Black crew to deliver furniture all around the neighbourhood.  Over the years I got to see the inside of many houses and apartments along 12th Street.  One of the things that always struck me was how many living rooms had little shrines to both Jesus and President Kennedy.  However, that’s not why you’re here. It’s the riot you want to know about.

Astor Furniture after the worst of the 1967 Detroit Riot.
Police have made the streets safe for firefighting.

The Detroit Riot of 1967 began on the corner of 12th Street and Clairmont, exactly four blocks from Pops’ store. I was out of town. That’s my alibi and I’m sticking to it.

Every summer I went to camp in the wilds of Ortonville, Michigan.  At some point every year they’d pack us onto a bus and smuggle us into another country. We would head off to Stratford, Ontario, Canada to see a Shakespearean play written by Shakespeare. I guess so they could tell my parents, “We tried to civilize him” at the end of the camp session. After the play we would grab a late meal in Stratford like the young sophisticates we were pretending to be. It was the only place we could spend any of the money we took with us to camp. The Tuck Shop had crap for sale. Every year the counselors made us promise that no matter what we wouldn’t phone home, or otherwise embarrass them in the Sin City of Stratford, Ontario, while they ditched us.

In 1967, when the play ended, we spread out to various restaurants around town.  It was on a newsstand at the restaurant I saw the 1st DETROIT RIOTS headline. On the front of the newspaper was a picture of Pops’ store with the riot in progress right in front of it!!! I started running around Stratford looking for a counselor who could give me permission to phone home. Later we learned that the counselors already knew about the riot, but had withheld that information from us so as to not worry us. Word spread quickly among the campers and eventually there were lineups at all the payphones in Stratford.

There’s Astor Furniture again on the right as police make the streets safe for firefighting.
This picture is © Kenneth Stahl, of The Great Rebellion who has graciously allowed its use.

So, that’s my Detroit riot story; I missed it entirely.  I bet my father wishes he could say the same.  He lost every stick of furniture in the store, as well as his front windows. However, he was better off than other business owners who were burned out. After Marshall Law was lifted, and civilians were allowed back in the area, he was able to start all over again in the same location.  However, it was a total loss for him.  Insurance was so prohibitively expensive that he did without it. After the riot he was left to pick up the pieces by himself.

I never worked on 12th Street again.

This is the building on the corner of Clairmont and 12th Street,
where police raided a blind pig, triggering the 1967 Riot.

The 1967 Detroit Riot began over a single flash point, following many years of bad mojo between the all-White Detroit Police Department and the all-Black neighbourhoods they patrolled. The trigger was a raid on a “blind pig,” essentially an after-hours, illegal drinking establishment. Police decided they were going to arrest the people in the “blind pig.” That’s the official story and is correct as far as it goes.

Coincidentally, or maybe not, the blind pig was also a celebration for some returning Vietnam Vets. When police came to bust the joint it got loud. The veterans said, in essence, “Enough is enough. We just got back from Vietnam defending this country and we won’t be treated like 2nd class citizens any longer.” However, they didn’t start the riot. They were the straw that broke the camel’s back.

Due to the sheer numbers in the blind pig (reportedly 82) police were forced to call in several paddy wagons. As the arrests proceeded a crowd started to grow. It was a hot night and culturally this neighbourhood kept very different hours than the lily-White block where I lived, with everyone tucked safely into bed by 11 PM. It was always true that Black people were far more visible in their neighbourhood than Whites were in their own. Unemployment was one factor, culture was a bigger factor. During the ’50s and ’60s when White Home Life™ turned to suburbia, car culture, and backyard barbecues, Black Home Life™ was more street oriented; front porches, street corners, back alleys (which my neighbourhood didn’t even have) were all gathering places for friends and family, especially in the days before air conditioning was ubiquitous.

All this to explain why a large crowd gathered almost immediately while
police waited for the paddy wagons. However, that doesn’t explain the anger that
exploded into the ’67 Riot. Years of injustice does. The neighbourhood came to view the Detroit Police Department as an
Occupying Force and, despite the Civil Rights Act and promises of The Great Society,
Blacks were still getting the short end of the stick, and getting it in their own neighbourhoods. The amazing thing to me about the ’67 Detroit Riot was how instantaneous it was. It went from zero to Riot in under an hour and took five days to quell.

One of thousands of pictures of the ’67 Detroit Riot I have viewed. I have only found Pops’ store in two of them.

Just as fires cannot erupt in a vacuum, neither do riots. Among the
several factors underlying the 1967 Detroit Riot three loomed
large: White Flight, Police Brutality and a severe housing shortage. The housing
shortage stemmed, in part, from a growing economy. The Big Three were
hiring in those days. According to a web site at Rutgers:

Like Newark, Detroit was swept by a wave of white flight. During the
1950s the white population of Detroit declined by 23%. Correspondingly,
the percentage of non-whites rose from 16.1% to 29.1%. In sheer numbers
the black population of Detroit increased from 303,000 to 487,000 during
that decade. (Fine 1989:4) By 1967, the black population of Detroit
stood at an estimated 40% of the total population. (National Advisory
Committee on Civil Disorders 1968:89-90). As in Newark, some
neighborhoods were more affected by white flight than others. This was
particularly true for the Twelfth Street neighborhood, where rioting
broke out in the summer of 1967. “Whereas virtually no blacks lived
there in 1940 (the area was 98.7% white), the area was over one-third
(37.2%) non-white in 1950. By 1960, the proportion of blacks to whites
had nearly reversed: only 3.8 percent of the areas residents were white.
Given that the first blacks did not move to the area until 1947 and
1948, the area underwent a complete racial transition in little more
than a decade.” Sugrue 1996:244)

This rapid turnover in population in the neighborhood brought with it
the attendant ills of social disorganization, crime and further
discrimination. It’s impact in the 12th street area was devastating.
According to Sidney Fine, “The transition from white to black on
Detroit’s near northwest side occurred at a remarkably rapid rate…In a
familiar pattern of neighborhood succession, as blacks moved in after
World War II, the Jews moved out. The first black migrants to the area
were middle class persons seeking to escape the confines of Paradise
Valley. They enjoyed about “five good years” in their new homes until
underworld and seedier elements from Hastings Street and Paradise
Valley, the poor and indigent from the inner city, and winos and
derelicts from skid row flowed into the area. Some of the commercial
establishments on Twelfth Street gave way to pool halls, liquor stores,
sleazy bars, pawn shops, and second hand businesses. Already suffering
from a housing shortage and lack of open space, Twelfth Street became
more “densely packed” as apartments were subdivided and six to eight
families began to live where two had resided before. The 21,376 persons
per square mile in the area in 1960 were almost double the city’s
average” (Fine 1989:4) This neighborhood would serve as the epicenter of
the 1967 riot. 

When it’s all gone just the marker remains.
Is this the ultimate fate of the E.W.F. Stirrup House?

It didn’t help that, under the guise of Urban Renewal, it was decided to ram I-75 through the city. Paradise Valley and Black Bottom, the traditional Black areas of Detroit, were razed and paved over. While it’s true these were some of the worst slums in Detroit, it was also home to the thriving Black Culture of the city, with many self-sustaining businesses along with Jazz and Blues clubs up and down Hastings. When these neighbourhoods were torn down, the people had to go somewhere. Because of redlining, Blacks couldn’t move much farther than 12th Street. Had 12th Street not undergone such a dramatic demographic shift in such a short period of time, who knows how Detroit might have developed. However, that’s all water under the Ambassador Bridge now.

Rutgers also outlined the issue of Police Brutality, another factor leading up to the riot:

In Detroit, during the 1960s the “Big Four” or “Tac Squad” roamed the streets, searching for bars to raid and prostitutes to arrest. These elite 4 man units frequently stopped youths who were driving or walking through the 12th street neighborhood. They verbally degraded these youths, calling them “boy” and “nigger*”, asking them who they were and where they were going. (Fine 1989:98). Most of the time, black residents were asked to produce identification, and having suffered their requisite share of humiliation, were allowed to proceed on their way. But if one could not produce “proper” identification, this could lead to arrest or worse. In a few notable cases, police stops led to the injury or death of those who were detained. Such excessive use of force was manifested in the 1962 police shooting of a black prostitute named Shirley Scott who, like Lester Long of Newark, was shot in the back while fleeing from the back of a patrol car. Other high profile cases of police brutality in Detroit included the severe beating of another prostitute, Barbara Jackson, in 1964, and the beating of Howard King, a black teenager, for “allegedly disturbing the peace”. (Fine 1989:117) But the main issue in the minds of Detroit’s black residents was police harassment and police brutality, which they identified in a Detroit Free Press Survey as the number one problem they faced in the period leading up to the riot. (Detroit Free Press 1968, Fine 1989, Thomas 1967). According to a Detroit Free Press Survey, residents reported police brutality as the number as the number one problem they faced in the period leading up to the riot. (Detroit Free Press 1968, Fine 1989, Thomas 1967).

[…]

Despite the election of a liberal Democratic mayor who appointed African Americans to prominent positions in his administration, and despite Mayor Jerome Cavanaugh’s good working relationship with mainstream civil rights groups, a significant segment of the black community in Detroit felt disenfranchised, frustrated by what they perceived to be the relatively slow pace of racial change and persistent racial inequality. Local militant leaders like the Reverend Albert Cleague spoke of self-determination and separatism for black people, arguing that whites were incapable and or unwilling to share power. The civil rights movement was deemed a failure by these young leaders in the black community. At a black power rally in Detroit in early July 1967, H. Rap Brown foreshadowed the course of future events, stating that if “Motown” didn’t come around, “we are going to burn you down”.

Detroit was ripe for riot by 1967, especially following the mini-Kercheval riot of the previous year.

The WikiWackyWoo sums up:

Over the period of five days, forty-three people died, of whom 33 were black and ten white. The other damages were calculated as follows:

  • 467 injured: 182 civilians, 167 Detroit police officers, 83 Detroit firefighters, 17 National Guard troops, 16 State Police officers, 3 U.S. Army soldiers.
  • 7,231 arrested: 6,528 adults, 703 juveniles; the youngest, 4, the oldest, 82. Half of those arrested had no criminal record.
  • 2,509 stores looted or burned, 388 families rendered homeless or displaced and 412 buildings burned or damaged enough to be demolished. Dollar losses from arson and looting ranged from $40 million to $80 million.[19]

That, ladies and gentleman, is your Detroit Riot of 1967. After John Lee Hooker reports to us via The Blues, we can get to the good stuff.

* I refuse to soften the ugliest word in the English language by using that awful construct “The N Word.” Don’t like it? Me neither.

Part Two – The 1943 Detroit Riot

When I start telling people about the 1943 Detroit Riot, they blink. Huh? What? Yet, the ’43 riot seems almost as predictable as the ’67 Riot. Just as fires cannot erupt in a vacuum, neither do riots. There were several pressures that led to the ’43 riot. Again jobs and housing were two of the main flashpoints, but systemic racism was at the bottom of it all.

Dr. Ossian Sweet, movin’ on up?
Not if the neighbours can help it.

One of the festering resentments in Detroit’s ugly housing legacy goes back to the ’20s, when Dr. Ossian Sweet found himself on trial for murder merely because he wanted to move to a better neighbourhood. Sweet purchased a house on Garland Avenue, on what would become my birthday, June 7, 1925. According to published reports, Sweet paid $6,000 over market-value to a White homeowner who knew how desperate Blacks were to find good housing. The trouble started when Sweet and his family tried to occupy the house in September. When a White mob formed for the second day in a row, it trapped Sweet, his wife Gladys, and nine other men recruited to help Sweet protect his Civil Rights. The mob threw rocks and shots were fired from an upstairs window; one of the mob was killed, another wounded. All 11 in the house were put on trial for murder, with Clarence Darrow defending. After a mistrial, there was an acquittal against Sweet and the prosecutors decided to dismiss all charges against the remaining defendants.

A sign near the Sojourner
Truth housing project.

Less than 20 years later Detroit housing would become another flashpoint, with Whites once again the instigators. When the Feds announced a housing projects for Detroit, on the edge of a traditional White neighbourhood, the local community assumed it was for their own kind. When  it was named the Sojourner Truth housing project, Whites protested. The government reversed its decision and decided this would be for Whites and it would find another location for a Black housing project, even tho’ it would retain the Truth name. Then Detroit Mayor Edward Jeffries, Jr. got involved and the Feds reversed their decision again: This housing would be for the Black people of Detroit who desperately needed housing. On moving day Whites protested, turning away the first families. It was months before people would eventually move in.

Less than a year later, according to the WikiWackyWoo:

In early June 1943, three weeks before the riot, Packard Motor Car Company promoted three blacks to work next to whites in the assembly lines. This promotion caused 25,000 whites to walk off the job, effectively slowing down the critical war production. It was clear that whites didn’t mind that blacks worked in the same plant but refused to work side-by-side with them. During the protest, a voice with a Southern accent shouted in the loudspeaker, “I’d rather see Hitler and Hirohito win than work next to a Nigger”*.[7]

The kindling was already there. Tempers were obviously at a boiling point and the muggy heat of a late June evening didn’t help. According to PBS:

Belle Isle

Detroit riot began at a popular and integrated amusement park known as Belle Isle. On the muggy summer evening of June 20, 1943, the playground was ablaze with activity. Several incidents occurred that night including multiple fights between teenagers of both races. White teenagers were often aided by sailors who were stationed at the Naval Armory nearby. As people began leaving the island for home, major traffic jams and congestion at the ferry docks spurred more violence. On the bridge which led back to the mainland, a fight erupted between a total of 200 African Americans and white sailors. Soon, a crowd of 5,000 white residents gathered at the mainland entrance to the bridge ready to attack black vacationers wishing to cross. By midnight, a ragged and understaffed police force attempted to retain the situation, but the rioting had already spread too far into the city.

Man being dragged off a
Woodward Avenue streetcar
by an angry White mob.
Car burns on Woodward.

Two rumors circulated which exacerbated the conflict. At the Forest Club, a nightclub in Paradise Valley which catered to the black population, a man who identified himself as a police sergeant alerted the patrons that “whites” had thrown a black woman and her baby over the Belle Isle bridge. The enraged patrons fled the club to retaliate. They looted and destroyed white-owned stores and indiscriminately attacked anyone with white skin. Similarly, white mobs had been stirred up by a rumor that a black man had raped and murdered a white woman on the bridge. The white mob centered around the downtown Roxy Theater which harbored a number of black movie-goers. As the patrons exited the theater, they found themselves surrounded by gangs who attacked and beat them. As rumors about the incidents in Paradise Valley and the downtown area spread through the night, so did the nature and the extent of the violence. White mobs targeted streetcars transporting black laborers to work, forced the cars to come to a halt, and attacked the passengers inside. They also targeted any cars with black owners, turning them over and setting them on fire.

White mob overturns car in front of White Tower

By mid morning, black leaders in the community had asked Mayor Edward J. Jeffries to call in federal troops to quell the fighting. But it was not until late that evening, when white mobs invaded Paradise Valley, that Jeffries took the necessary steps to get outside help. Around midnight, a disturbing silence reigned over the city as a truce between the city’s warring factions was kept by U.S. Army troops. More than 6,000 federal troops had been strategically stationed throughout the city. Detroit, under armed occupation, virtually shut down. The streets were deserted, the schools had been closed, and Governor Harry Francis Kelly had closed all places of public amusement. Most of the Paradise Valley community feared to leave their homes. Yet spurts of violence still flared up. As late as Wednesday, white mobs threatened black students leaving their graduation ceremony at Northeastern High School. The graduates had to be escorted home by truckloads of soldiers bearing bayonets.

An arrest by police
A victim

If you read between the lines, it seems pretty clear this is a White riot. While there may have been some skirmishes between isolated groups on Belle Isle, it wasn’t until the [White] Navy got involved that things spun out of control. They were reacting to the rumour that a Black man did something-something to a White something-something.  Does it really matter what details were? That’s the same excuse Whites always used when they went crazy and attacked Blacks. It was a “Get out of jail free” card for Whites for as long as anyone can remember. It was probably used as a knee-jerk excuse without any grounding in reality. The naval cadets attacked any Black leaving the small island over the only bridge and the riot escalated from there.

The chronology above is slightly off. The rumour that swept through the Black community came only AFTER the Whites were already rioting. It very well could have been true, based on what people were already seeing with their own eyes. Whites targeted any and all Blacks they could find, including innocent people who were just minding their own business. This was a White riot, with Black community defending itself and then retaliating. There’s no other way to view the events in retrospect.

Black Past gives another perspective:

As
the violence escalated, both blacks and whites engaged in violence. 
Blacks dragged whites out of cars and looted white-owned stores in
Paradise Valley while whites overturned and burned black-owned vehicles
and attacked African Americans on streetcars along Woodward Avenue and
other major streets.  The Detroit police did little in the rioting,
often siding with the white rioters in the violence.

The
violence ended only after President Franklin Roosevelt, at the request
of Detroit Mayor Edward Jeffries, Jr., ordered 6,000 federal troops into
the city.  Twenty-five blacks and nine whites were killed in the
violence.  Of the 25 African Americans who died, 17 were killed by the
police.  The police claimed that these shootings were justified since
the victims were engaged in looting stores on Hastings Street.  Of the
nine whites who died, none were killed by the police.  The city suffered
an estimated $2 million in property damages.

An eyewitness to history:

Again, the WikiWackyWoo sums up: 

  • 34 people were killed, 25 of whom were African Americans in which 17 of them were killed by the police. 
  • Out of the approximately 600 injured, black people accounted for more than 75 percent and of the roughly 1,800 people who were arrested over the course of the 3 day riots, black people accounted for 85 percent.

Remember: It was War Time. Cartoonists feared the Japanese and the Nazis would use this incident to their propaganda advantage, with Jim Crow discrimination to blame. The mayor blamed Black hoodlums; Wayne County prosecutors blamed the NAACP for instigating. However, Detroit’s Black community knew the truth and passed it along orally for the next 24 years until the next riot.

Ironically, the 1943 Riot was also one of the catalysts for the city’s later decision to tear down Black Bottom and Paradise Valley for its so-called Urban Renewal. This was one of the direct pressures on the 12th Street area described in the section on the 1967 Riot above.

* as above, I refuse to soften the ugliest word in the English language.

Part Three – The 1863 Detroit Riot

Just as fires cannot erupt in a vacuum, neither do riots. The 1863 Detroit Riot — dubbed at the time “the bloodiest day that ever dawned upon Detroit” — has to be seen in context. It was during the Civil War, when Detroit was not yet a great city. Motown was little more than a small town, huddled along the river, which was also the international border to Canada. This is why Detroit was a terminus for so many escaped slaves traveling north on the famed Underground Railroad. This had created certain tensions within the separate Black and White communities of Detroit. Escaped slaves could be arrested and returned by bounty hunters. Some Free Blacks were arrested and sent south. Some Whites were sympathetic to the cause of abolition and others were not. Race was a big factor in the 1863 riot, as was the military draft. Many Whites didn’t see this as their war and resented being forced to fight for a cause diametrically opposed to what they believed.

Was it all President Lincoln’s fault?

In September of the previous year, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation, which went into effect on January 1st. The Proclamation had no practical effect on anyone –North or South. It merely freed the slaves in the southern states, already in rebellion. Those ten states had already refused to kowtow to Washington, having declared a Civil War in the first place, so it seemed unlikely they would do what Washington demanded. The Proclamation did not outlaw slavery, nor did it confer citizenship on ‘Merkin Blacks. It did, however, stir up intense feelings on the part of racist Whites. So did the Detroit Free Press, which published incendiary articles about Blacks in the months prior to the March riot. According to Matthew Kundinger in his thoroughly researched Racial Rhetoric: The Detroit Free Press and Its Part in the Detroit Race Riot of 1863 [PDF]:

Once the articles are examined, it becomes clear that the Detroit Free Press was a racist paper, and it printed racist stories in the months preceding the riot. The paper was pushing a racial ideology, one that taught that blacks were inferior and a threat. I will show this by pointing to four types of stories the paper printed in the months before the war: stories that connected blacks to labor problems, blacks to citizenship issues, blacks to the war, and blacks to crime and a general degradation of the moral order. Within all of these categories the paper portrayed blacks as a threat. The readers of the Free Press were mostly lower class white laborers, a class with little power. Even absent the racial rhetoric, issues of labor, of voting, of war, and of crime—especially sexual transgressions such as rape—are at their core about power. By showing how African-Americans were a threat to whites when it came to these issues, the paper was suggesting that the already limited power of the white working class was at risk. Further, each of these categories represent a function that was vital to a man’s main role in life, being the head of his household. In essence, the articles of the Free Press were portraying a threat to its male readers’ power to fulfill their primary functions. The paper was showing a threat to their masculinity.

Copy of “A Thrilling Narrative…”

Oh, shit! Can’t allow that to happen. Nothing is more fragile than the precious masculinity of the ‘Merkin White Male, especially if threatened by Blacks. In that respect, the situation was not a lot different than it is today.

However, the Free Press didn’t start the riot, no matter how incendiary were its articles. The riot started because somebody said a Black man did something-something to a White something-something. According to the contemporaneous document called A Thrilling Narrative From the Lips of the Sufferers of the Late Detroit Riot, March 6, 1863, with the Hair Breadth Escapes of Men, Women and Children, and Destruction of Colored Men’s Property, Not Less Than $15,000 [Electronic Edition], one of the few eye-witness accounts remaining:

The Detroit Riot in 1863.

On the 6th of March an organized mob made their way from the jail down Beaubien street. They were yelling like demons, and crying “kill all the d–d niggers.”* In the cooper shop, just below Lafayette street, were five men working, namely: ROBERT BENNETTE, JOSHUA BOYD, SOLOMON HOUSTON, LEWIS HOUSTON, MARCUS DALE. These men were busy at work in the shop until the mob made an attack upon the shop. The windows were soon broken and the doors forced open. The men in the cooper shop were determined to resist any that might attempt to come in. The mob discovered this, and did not attempt to come in, but stood off and threw stones and bricks into the windows, a perfect shower. There happened to be one old shot gun in the shop, a couple of discharges from which drove the mob back from the shop. The dwelling house was attached to the shop, in which were three women and four children, namely: Mrs. REYNOLDS, Mrs. BONN and one child, Mrs. DALE and three children.

Some ten minutes after the mob had fallen back from the shop, they made a rush upon the house in which were the women and children. The men in the shop seeing this, rushed out of the shop into the house to protect the women and children. The windows of the houses were soon all broken in; stones and bricks came into the house like hail. The women and children were dodging from one room to another to escape the stones. The men frequently stood before the women and children to shield them from the stones. Very soon after the men went from the shop into the house, the shop was set on fire by the mob. There were plenty of shavings in the shop, which facilitated the burning. The flames soon reached the house in which were the women and children. The mob by this time had completely surrounded the building. Mrs. Reynold attempted to go out at the back door but could not get out, for hundreds of stones were flying at that part of the building. Mr. Dale, in shielding his wife, got a blow in the face with a stone, which his wife might have gotten had he not stood before her. Some person outside was heard to say “the women will be protected–no protection for the men.” Hearing this, Mr. Dale told the women to go out at the front door. Mrs. Dale seeing the blood running.

Anti-slavery newspaper of the time.

And it goes on for pages and pages of hard-to-read, heart-rending descriptions of Whites attacking any and all Blacks who are unable to flee. This includes women and children alike, and didn’t spare the 80-year old pastor of the local A.M.E. Church. Essentially this riot, just like the 1943 Detroit Riot — or the Tulsa riot I wrote about earlier — was a White Riot. Whites went crazy and Blacks paid for it. A full reading of the two documents quoted above gives a much fuller story than can be given here, but you should take the time.

However, what was the legacy of the 1863 Detroit Riot? Wikipedia foolishly tried to sum it up with one prosaic sentence:

Detail from anti-slavery newspaper.

The riot resulted in the creation of a full-time police force for Detroit.

As I said above, Detroit was still not much more than a town and, in 1863, did not have police force. The riot itself had to be quelled by soldiers from Fort Wayne and some of the Michigan’s 27th Infantry out of Ypsilanti. However, 35 burned buildings, 2 people dead and a “multitude of others, mostly African-American, mercilessly beaten” has a way of focusing the citizens on Law and Order. As a result of the 1863 Riot a full time police force was constituted. Written into the originating documents incorporating Detroit’s 1st police force were the fateful words that guided Detroit ever since. Detroit’s first officers were tasked with keeping the Blacks in line, because the 1863 came to be blamed on them. Some things never change.

Is it any wonder why I say riots are in Detroit’s DNA, from 1863 to 1943 to 1967?

* as above, again, I refuse to soften the ugliest word in the English language.